fredag den 22. maj 2020

BASIC OF CAND C++ PRograming Langauage

BASIC OF C AND C++ PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Introduction.

Every thing have some basic terminology and when you learn these basic things then you will be able to handle your work more easily.in the same case you Cannot learn C AND C++programing language in easy way if you does not know about the basic component of C AND C++ programming language it must be known those who really want to learn C programming language and want to be a programmer.

Basic of C AND C++ programming Language.

If you want to write a programme in C programming language then you must know about its basic rule that how to write a programme using C language. without these basics you Cannot write a programme using C language. C programming language have some basics component which is must be known every beginner who start to learn C programming language. some of the basic of C programming language is given below.

C language is develop by Dennis Ritchie in 1970. C is the hybrid of two previous programming language from B and BCPL. B ( basic ) and BCPL mean (basic Combine programming language) BCPL was develop by Martin Richard in 1967.

Character Set.

C and C++ contain three type of character set which are most important and basic element which are given below.

v Numeric Character.

v Alphabetic Character.

v Escape Character.

What Is Numeric Character.

Numeric Character are used for Calculation purpose and these are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

What Is Alphabetic Character.

Alphabetic Character are used for naming a variable or writing programming or for user define words etc…

What is Escape Character.

Every language have some special Character which are used for special purpose C programming language have also some special Character which is Called Escape Character.

And these Escape Character are used for specific purpose.

'\' (backslash) is a special Character and is called escape Character.

If you use this '\' Character with n just like this ( \n ) then it tell the compiler that jump to the next line. It is used to leave the first line and start a new line.

Example

cout("asad \n mirza")

so when the programme is executed then it will print like

asad

mirza

How to Name a Variable.

There is some rule which are important to give a name to a variable.

In C and C++ language you can use A to Z alphabet to name a variable.

A = 5

Here A is a variable and 5 is value which is assign to it. You can also choose a name for assigning data with your own choice

forexample:

Weight=56

Age=29

Length=45

Pirce=50

Average=3.4

And so on

But keep in mind that

Ø variable name must be unique in the programme.

Ø Name of a variable is also called user define words.

Ø First letter of a variable must be written in capital words as above.

here

average=4.5 wrong

which is wrong variable and cause error because first alphabet of a variable must be start with capital words and here first alphabet is in lower case.

Ø Forexample

Average =5 right

Here Average is start with capital words so this is right.

Ø No space is allowed to name a variable only '_' is used in the place of space.

Age_of_ali=35 right

Becase under score'_' is used.

Age of ali=5 wrong

Because space ' ' is used.

Separate variable name with comma ', ' .

Ali,Rno,Phone_no; right

Comma is used between two variable.

Ali rno phone no wrong

Space is used between two variable.

Ø After name a variable in the last put simi colon ';' which is mean that the variable is ended.

Example :

void main()

{

int age,name,cotact_no;

}

How To Assign A Value To Variable

C and C++ provide you three data type for assigning a value to variables.

This three data type is.

· int

· float

· char

In C language equal sign '=' is used to assign a value to avariable it is also called assignment operator.

int data type is used for integer value. And thses are (0,1,2,3,4,5,5,6,7,8,9).

float is used for decimal point value. (0.1,3.4,5.9 ……..).

char is used to give a name to a variable or to give some text to variable.

(asad, copy, ali, reg_no, name……).

Keep in mind that the data type is case sensitive and must be given in lower case letter(a,b,c,…z).

Example:

int A=5;

float B=3.5;

char C=college_name;

A simple programme

Void main()

{

char name;

int age;

float height;

name=ali;

age=18;

height=5.9;

}

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torsdag den 21. maj 2020

Hacking PayPal's Express Checkout

Do you know what is happening in the background when you buy something in an online shop using PayPal?

In this post we will tackle the following problems:

How can PayPal's API be tested?
How does PayPal's Express Checkout work? You can find the detailed report here.
How can we debit more money than authorized?

How PayPal's API can be tested?

PayPal's Sandbox API

PayPal offers a feature called PayPal Sandbox Accounts, which mimics the production API. The basic idea is that a normal user/shop can test the API and make transactions without actually transferring money. This is the perfect tool for developers to test their API integration.

Access to all messages

The next question is how to get access to all messages. All browser-related messages can be inspected, intercepted, and modified via BurpSuite. The main problem here is how to get access to the server-to-server exchanged messages: the messages exchanged between PayPal and a shop. In order to solve this problem, we deployed our own shop. For this purpose we used Magento, which already has a PayPal integration.
Once we have our own controlled shop, we can enforce Magento to send all request through a proxy.
In the following picture you can see our setup.

Test suite for analyzing PayPal's API [1]

In order to capture the traffic between our Magento hhop and PayPal we proceeded as follows:

We configured Magento to use a proxy running on localhost:8081.
We connected the proxy port on the virtual machine with our local machine via SSH remote port forwarding by issuing the following command

ssh -N -R 8081: localhost :8081 <IP of Magento shop>

We configured BurpSuite running on our local machine to listen on Port 8081 for incoming requests.

Now, we were able to see the entire traffic.
Please note that we uses our own, custom Magento shop in order to be able to test Paypal's API.

PayPal's Express Checkout

An overview of the checkout procedure is depicted in the following:


PayPal's Express Checkout [2]

Step 1: Magento tells the PayPal API where to redirect the user after authorizing the transaction via the parameter RETURNURL and requests a token for this transaction.
Step 2: The PayPal API provides Magento with the token.
Step 3: Magento redirects the user to PayPal's website. The redirect contains the token from the previous step.
Step 4: The user authorizes the transaction. As a result, he will be redirected back to Magento (RETURNURL) with the token.
Step 5: Magento issues a request to the PayPal API to get the transaction details.

Step 6: Magento signals the PayPal API to execute the transaction.

Step 7: Magento serves the success page.

A more detailed view of the protocol and all parameters is shown on page 16 in the full version. We will concentrate only on step 6 and the parameters relevant for the attack.

The Attack

The goal of the attack is to let a shop (in our case Magento) debit more money than authorized by the PayPal user. The core of the attack is Step 6 -- DoExpressCheckoutPayment. Let's get a deeper look at this message:

Magento can raise the authorized amount and debit more money from the user's account

The shop sends the token, which was issued in the first step of the protocol and identifies uniquely the transaction through all steps.
The PayerID referring to the user that authorized the payment.
The AMT defining the amount, which will be transferred.
The API Credentials authenticating Magento on PayPal.
The Version pointing to the release number of the API.

As one can imagine, the core problem we found was the change of the AMT parameter. This value can be freely chosen by the shop, despite the fact that the user has authorized a different amount.

We tested only the SandBox API, but refused to test the production API in order to avoid problems. We promptly contacted PayPal's security team and described the problem hoping that PayPal can and will test the production API against the attack.

The response of PayPal can be summarized as follows:

We don't get any BugBounty since we only tested the Sanbox API. (Fair enough)
In the Production API PayPal this flexibility is a wanted feature. Thus, PayPal allows a merchant to charge for shipping and/or other expenses different amounts. Any malicious behavior can be detected by PayPal. In case of fraudulent charges the consumer are protected by the Buyer Protection policy.

... but the Sandbox API was nevertheless fixed.

Authors of this Post

Daniel Hirschberger
Vladislav Mladenov
Christian Mainka (@CheariX)

[1] BurpSuite Logo
[2] PayPal Express CheckoutRelated news

How To Install And Config Modlishka Tool - Most Advance Reverse Proxy Phishing

onsdag den 20. maj 2020

BruteSpray: A Brute-forcer From Nmap Output And Automatically Attempts Default Creds On Found Services

About BruteSpray: BruteSpray takes nmap GNMAP/XML output or newline seperated JSONS and automatically brute-forces services with default credentials using Medusa. BruteSpray can even find non-standard ports by using the -sV inside Nmap.

BruteSpay's Installation

With Debian users, the only thing you need to do is this command:
sudo apt install brutespray

For Arch Linux user, you must install Medusa first: sudo pacman -S medusa

And then, enter these commands to install BruteSpray:

Supported Services: ssh, ftp, telnet, vnc, mssql, mysql, postgresql, rsh, imap, nntpp, canywhere, pop3, rexec, rlogin, smbnt, smtp, svn, vmauthdv, snmp.

How to use BruteSpray?

First do an Nmap scan with -oG nmap.gnmap or -oX nmap.xml.
Command: python3 brutespray.py -h
Command: python3 brutespray.py --file nmap.gnmap
Command: python3 brutesrpay.py --file nmap.xml
Command: python3 brutespray.py --file nmap.xml -i

You can watch more details here:

Examples

Using Custom Wordlists:

python3 brutespray.py --file nmap.gnmap -U /usr/share/wordlist/user.txt -P /usr/share/wordlist/pass.txt --threads 5 --hosts 5

Brute-Forcing Specific Services:
python3 brutespray.py --file nmap.gnmap --service ftp,ssh,telnet --threads 5 --hosts 5

Specific Credentials:
python3 brutespray.py --file nmap.gnmap -u admin -p password --threads 5 --hosts 5

Continue After Success:
python3 brutespray.py --file nmap.gnmap --threads 5 --hosts 5 -c

Use Nmap XML Output:
python3 brutespray.py --file nmap.xml --threads 5 --hosts 5

Use JSON Output:
python3 brutespray.py --file out.json --threads 5 --hosts 5

Interactive Mode: python3 brutespray.py --file nmap.xml -i

Data Specs

{"host":"127.0.0.1","port":"3306","service":"mysql"} 
{"host":"127.0.0.10","port":"3306","service":"mysql"}
...

Changelog: Changelog notes are available at CHANGELOG.md.

You might like these similar tools:

Download BruteSpray

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Linux Command Line Hackery Series: Part 1

In this concise article we will learn some basics of how to use Linux Command line, so lets get started.

Requirements:

1. An open Terminal in your Linux Box. I'm using Kali Linux 2.0
or you can check out this amazing website Webminal

Command: ls
Syntax:    ls [flag(s)]
Function: ls is short for list. ls command is used to list the contents of a directory these contents include files, folders, and links. ls has many optional flags as well, some of them are described below
Flags: -a this flag is used to view hidden files that is those files whose names are preceded   by a '.'(dot)
-l this flag is used to view file permissions, owner of the file, group of the owner, the file size, the modification date, and the filename. We'll talk more about it in later articles.

Command: mkdir
Syntax:   mkdir dirname
Function: mkdir is used to create a directory (or a folder) with the name which is followed by the command

now lets create a directory in our current directory named as myfiles, how would you do that?

mkdir myfiles

which command should we use in order to verify that the directory has been created in our current folder?

ls

this will list all the files and directories in our current folder. Do you see myfiles directory listed?

Command: cd
Syntax:   cd path/to/directory
Function: cd is short for change directory. It is used to navigate directories, or to make it clear it does the same thing as what double clicking on a folder do except it doesn't show you contents of the directory :(. In order to navigate or visit another directory we need to provide it's ABSOLUTE-PATH or RELATIVE-PATH you heard that, didn't ya?

Paths are of two types relative path or absolute path (also called full-path). Relative as the name suggests is relative to the current directory, so if you have to navigate to a folder within the current directory you'll just simply type cd directory_name. But what if you have to navigate to a directory which is the parent of current directory? Well it's easy just type cd .. (yes double dots, you noticed that .. and . thing when you typed ls -a, didn't you?). The double dots mean the directory above current directory (i,e the parent directory) and a single dot means the current directory (i,e the directory that I'm currently in). Now if you have to navigate two directories above current directory using relative path navigation you'll type

cd ../..

here .. means previous directory and another .. after slash (/) means the previous directory of the previous directory sounds confusing..!

The Absolute Path means full path to the file or folder which starts from root directory. Say I want to navigate to my home folder using absolute path, then I'll type:

cd /home/user

where user is the username
Now think of navigating to the myfiles folder from your home directory using the absolute path, it will be something like this:

cd /home/user/myfiles

Exercise: Create a directory project1 inside your home directory and inside the project1 directory create a file and a directory named index.html and css respectively. Then navigate to the css directory and create a style.css file inside it. At last navigate out of the css directory to home both using the relative and absolute path mechanisms.

[Trick: To get quickly out of any directory to your home directory type cd ~ [press Enter] or simply cd [press Enter]]

Command: touch
Syntax: touch filename
Function: touch is a nifty little function used to create an empty file (actually it's used to change access time of a file but everyone has got bad habits :P ). You can create any type of empty file with the touch command. If you are a bit curious about touch read the manual page of the touch command using the man touch command.

Now lets create a few files inside of our myfiles directory

touch file1 file2 file3

The above command creates three empty files in our current directory named file1, file2, and file3.
How will you verify that it has indeed created these three files in your current directory? I won't answer this time.

Command: echo
Syntax: echo Hacker manufacturing under process
Function: echo is used to display a line of text. By default echo displays a line of text on the terminal which is the standard output device (stdout for short). However we can redirect the output of an echo command to a file using > (the greater than symbol).
Now if we have to echo a line of text to a file, say file1 in our myfiles directory, we will type:

echo This is file1 > file1

The above command will echo the text "This is file1" to file1.

Command: cat
Syntax: cat filename [anotherfilename...]
Function: cat stands for concatenate (not that puny little creature in your house). The main function of cat is to concatenate files and display them on your terminal (or in geeky terms stdout). But its also used to display the contents of a file on your terminal.

Let's display the contents of file1 in the myfiles directory that we echoed to it using the echo command, for that we'll type:

cat file1

Awesome I can see on black screen contents of my file (what if your terminals background is white?), looks like I'm becoming a hacker. In case you don't see it then I suggest you should give up the thought of becoming a hacker. Just kidding you might have missed a step or two from the above steps that we performed.

Now lets say that we want to add another line of text to our file using the echo command should we use the same greater than (>) symbol? No, if we want to add another line (which in geeky terms is to append a line) to our file using the echo command we have to use >> (two greater than symbols) like this:

echo Another line of text >> file1

now to check the contents of file1 we'll type:

cat file1

OK we wrote two lines inside of the file1.
Does it mean we have to add three greater than symbols to write third line? Oh! I didn't thought you'd be such a genius.

A single greater than symbol (>) means redirect the output of the preceding command to a file specified after the > symbol. If the file exists then overwrite everything that's in it with the new contents and if the file does not exist then create one and write to it the output of the preceding command. So if you had typed

echo Another line of text > file1

it would have overwritten the contents of the file1 with "Another line of text" and the line "This is file1" would no longer be present in the file.

Two greater than symbols (>>) mean that append (remember the geeky term?) the output of the previous command to the end of file specified after >>. Now if you want to add another line of text to file1, you won't use >>> rather you'll use >> like this:

echo Third line in file1 >> file1

This is it for today. But don't worry we'll learn more things soon.

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fredag den 22. maj 2020

BASIC OF CAND C++ PRograming Langauage

BASIC OF C AND C++ PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE